FAITH ITSELF

FAITH ITSELF

Taking all the 13 majors in college was never been easy. It needs more effort and to time to make it perfect or even just not to make it look imperfect. But making it step by step, one at a time, two or even three would make us more responsible as a student. This 13 majors could help us enhance or develop the skills that we have without expecting to discover the different talents that we are hiding for so long. That's the life of a student, if you lost something because of you studies then expect you'll be receiving something that is much more important than what you have lost. Sometimes people are fun of counting the things what they have lost instead of counting the things what they have received and be thankful for it. Let us change this view of life, let us be positive even in the middle of nowhere.

They say, life of a student was not that easy. But for me, Yes it's not easy but it's not difficult too. As long as you have an inspiration, the courage, and the aim of pursuing your dreams for your better future. This characteristics may help us to be strong , not like a stone but just like the wave of the sea. Crushing through the biggest stones but still lovely to look at. Like us, student, even how many problems we may have received and even how many challenges we may have to encounter but still we can deal with them. One big reason, “FAITH”.

13 ARCHITECTURAL DRAFTING

Architectural Drafting

Students in this major learn how to create working drawings and computer simulations used in the design and construction of buildings and other structures. In addition to studying design and construction basics, they practice using computer-aided drafting tools.

Drafting Equipment

		Drafting Compass and Dividers Drafting compass, dividers, drafting compass sets, beam compasses, and compass replacement parts. Complete selection below for students or professionals., all affordably priced. Great selection from quality suppliers such as Alvin. Take a look at the selection below.

Protractors for Drafting Protractors are a great drafting tool to use when draw angles other than 30°, 45°, 60°, or 90°, a protractor is used. Most protractors displays angle markings for a half-circle, or a 180° arc. There are also 360° protractors available. Here are three popular protractors. If there is one you are looking for and can't find, let us know we can get more models

Drafting Triangles 30/60 45/90 Drafting Triangles 30 60 90 Triangles, 45 45 90 Triangles, and Adjustable Triangles available in clear plastic, smoked plastic, fluorescent orange plastic, Aluminum, and steel. Below you will find 30/60 triangles, 45/90 triangles, adjustable triangles, with or without inking edges. Fairgate and Alvin triangles.

Drafting furniture including drafting chairs, office chairs, flat files, vertical files and clamps, roll files, drafting tables, light tables, light boxes and more from Alvin, Mayline, Safco, and other quality manufactures. Multiple views and projections Image of a part represented in First Angle Projection Symbols used to define whether a projection is either Third Angle (right) or First Angle (left). Isometric view of the object shown in the engineering drawing below. Main article: Graphical projection In most cases, a single view is not sufficient to show all necessary features, and several views are used. Types of views include the following: [edit] Orthographic projection The orthographic projection shows the object as it looks from the front, right, left, top, bottom, or back, and are typically positioned relative to each other according to the rules of either first-angle or third-angle projection. First angle projection is the ISO standard and is primarily used in Europe. The 3D object is projected into 2D "paper" space as if you were looking at an X-ray of the object: the top view is under the front view, the right view is at the left of the front view. Third angle projection is primarily used in the United States and Canada, where it is the default projection system according to BS 8888:2006, the left view is placed on the left and the top view on the top. Not all views are necessarily used, and determination of what surface constitutes the front, back, top and bottom varies depending on the projection used.		Drafting tables for professionals or students. Wood drafting tables, metal drafting tables, folding drafting tables and more. Save up to 50% on name brand drafting tables from such suppliers as Alvin, Mayline, and Safco. Check out our complete selection of drafting tables. Isometric projection The isometric projection show the object from angles in which the scales along each axis of the object are equal. Isometric projection corresponds to rotation of the object by ± 45° about the vertical axis, followed by rotation of approximately ± 35.264° [= arcsin(tan(30°))] about the horizontal axis starting from an orthographic projection view. "Isometric" comes from the Greek for "same measure". One of the things that makes isometric drawings so attractive is the ease with which 60 degree angles can be constructed with only a compass and straightedge. Isometric projection is a type of axonometric projection. The other two types of axonometric projection are: Dimetric projection Trimetric projection Isometric projection is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical and engineering drawings. Oblique projection An oblique projection is a simple type of graphical projection used for producing pictorial, two-dimensional images of three-dimensional objects: it projects an image by intersecting parallel rays (projectors) from the three-dimensional source object with the drawing surface (projection plan). In both oblique projection and orthographic projection, parallel lines of the source object produce parallel lines in the projected image.

12 METAL WORKS

METAL WORKS

Metalworking -is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures.
Metalworking- is a science, art, hobby, industry and trade. Its historical roots span cultures, civilizations, and millennia. Metalworking has evolved from the discovery of smelting various ores, producing malleable and ductile metal useful for tools and adornments. Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized as forming, cutting or joining processes. Today's machine shop includes a number of machine tools capable of creating a precise, useful workpiece.

Metal Rod and Bar Stock

Metal rod and bar stock are metals and alloys in the form of round bars or rod, square bars, rectangular or flat bars, hexagons, and other bar stock shapes. These shapes are also available in billet form and typically included a cross-section based on the shape of the rod or bar stock. Reinforcing bars may also be included; these bars are included to strengthen or internally support concrete and masonry structures. Other metal rod and bar stock forms include coil stock and hollow tube stock.

Welding is a hazardous activity that poses safety and health risks if precautionary measures are not followed. One effective way of preventing accidents when working with welded materials is by wearing the proper welding attire.

Types of Rod Bars

• square bar
• round bar stock
• rectangular bar
• hex bar stock
• reinforcing bar

ESSENTIALS FOR PROPER WELDING PROCEDURES

1. Correct electrode size
2. Correct current
3. Correct arc length or voltage
4. Correct travel speed
5. Correct electrode angle

Besides the steady sizzling sound that a correct arc produces the shape of the molten pool and the movement of the metal at the rear of the pool serve as a guide in checking weld quality. In a correctly made deposit the ripples produced on the bead will be uniform and the bead will be smooth no overlaps or undercuts.

1. CORRECT ELECTRODE SIZE
   The correct choice of electrode size involves consideration of a variety of factors, such as the type, position, preparation of the joint, the ability of the electrode to carry high current values without injury to the weld metal or loss of deposition efficiency, the mass of work metal and its ability to maintain its original properties after welding, the characteristics of the assembly with reference to effect stresses set up by heat application, the practicability to heat treatment before and / or after welding, the specific requirement before and / or after welding, the specific requirements as to welding quality and cost of achieving the desired results.
   
   
2. CORRECT CURRENT
   If current on equipment is too high or too low, you are certain to be disappointed in your weld. If too high, the electrode melts too fast and your molten pool is large and irregular, if too low, there is nor enough heat to melt the base metal and your molten pool will be small, will pile up, look irregular.
   
   
3. CORRECT ARC LENGTH
   If the arc is too long or voltage too high the metal melts off the electrode is large globules which wobble from side to side as the arc wavers, giving a wide, spattered and irregular bead-with poor fusion between original metal and deposited metal.
   
   If the arc is too short, or voltage too low, there is not enough heat to melt the base metal properly and the electrode quite often sticks to the work, giving a high, uneven bead, having irregular ripples with poor fusion.
   
   
4. CORRECTTRAVEL SPEED
   When your speed is too fast your pool does not last long enough, impurities an gas locked in. The bead in narrow and ripples pointed. When speed is too slow the metal piles up, the bead is high and wide with a rather straight ripple.
   
   
5. CORRECT ELECTRODE ANGLE
   The electrode angle is of particular importance in fillet welding and deep groove welding. Generally speaking, when making a fillet weld, the electrode should be held so that ir bisects the angle between the plates (as shown at right) and is perpendicular to the line of weld, if under cut occurs in the verticle member, lower the angle of the arc and direct the arc toward the vertical member.

PLATE

Steel plates come in various material composition to suit specialized uses.

The common industrial names of the different plates are:

• Ship Plates
• Boiler Plates
• Mild Steel Plates
• Checkered Plates, etc

Weight and dimensions of Ship, Boiler and MS plates are uniform to facilitate ordering.

Steel chequered plates are available in either the direction-free riser pattern or the straight striped pattern.

Since they feature excellent skid resistance and relatively low weight per unit area, these plates are economical to use in flooring and other structural applications.

CHECKERED PLATES

Steel checkered plates are available in either the direction-free riser pattern or the straight striped pattern.

Since they feature excellent skid resistance and relatively low weight per unit area, these plates are economical to use in flooring and other structural applications.

CHANNELS

Mild Steel Channels are used mainly in heavy industries. MS Channels are usually applied in the automotive industry as well as heavy machinery industries.

Generally, there are 3 types of mild steel channel, they are:

• Plain Channels
• Lipped Channels
• U/C Channels

ROUND BARS

Round Bars fulfill a large number of uses. Because of its intrinsic strength, which stems from its circular cross section, round bars offer universal applications where omni directional strength is of premium, especially in the reinforcement of concrete.

Round bars come in 2 varieties, both having identical measurements:

• Brightshaft Round Bars
• Mild Steel Round Bars

FLAT BARS

Flat Bars may be considered the most basic of steel structures. It is milledin a wide variety of dimensions. It’s applications range from construction to machinery fabrication.

ANGLE BARS

Angle Bars are one of the most commonly used steel structures in the construction industry. The basic shape of the Angle Bar lends it many practical uses.

There are basically 2 types of Angle Bars, namely:

• Equal Angle Bars
• Unequal Angle Bars

FLOOR GRATINGS

Gratings are usually used as extremely durable metal industrial floors. Common applications are in oilrig constructions.

Gratings come in 2 forms, namely Serrated Bearing Bar (flat) with Twisted Transverve Bar and Serrated Bearing Bar (flat) with Plain Round Bar. Gratings have also the options of being galvanized for weatherproofing needs.

PIPES

Pipes have played an important role in the advancement of civilization. Clay pipes were used over 5,000 years ago in ancient Babylon.

With man’s progress came the advent of electrically welded steel pipes. Thanks to modern science and technology, strong and extremely durable steel pipes are available for everyday applications.

There are 4 classes of pipes:

• Welded Steel Pipes – Class Light
• Welded Steel Pipes – Class Medium
• Welded Steel Pipes – Class Heavy
• Carbon Steel Pipes

11 Clothing

· CLOTHING

· A feature of all modern human societies is the wearing of clothing, a category encompassing a wide variety of materials that cover the body. The primary purpose of clothing is functional, as a protection from the elements. Clothes also enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking, by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Further, clothes provide a hygienic barrier, keeping toxins away from the body and limiting the transmission of germs.

Parts of the sewing machine:
-bobbin case
-bobbin winder
-foot pedal
-hand wheel
-power cords
-light
-motor
-presser foot
-presser foot lever
-slide plate
-spool holders
-stitch length
-take up lever
-thread cutter
-tension disks

Terminology

• Band - a strip of fabric that fastens around the neck, perpendicular to the body of the garment, to which a collar proper may be attached.
• Collar stiffeners, bones or stays - strips of metal, horn, mother of pearl, or plastic, rounded at one end and pointed at the other, inserted into a man's shirt collar to stiffen it and prevent the points from curling up; usually inserted into the underside of the collar through small slits but sometimes permanently sewn in place.
• Points - the corners of a collar; in a buttoned-down collar, the points are fitted with buttonholes that attach to small buttons on the body of the shirt to hold the collar neatly in place.
• Spread - the distance between the points of a shirt collar.
• Stand - the band on a coat or shirt collar that supports the collar itself.

Types of collars

Collars can be categorized as:

• Standing or stand-up, fitting up around the neck and not lying on the shoulders.
• Turnover, standing around the neck and then folded or rolled over.
• Flat or falling, lying flat on the shoulders.

Collars may also be stiffened, traditionally with starch; modern wash-and-wear shirt collars may be stiffened with interfacing or may include metal, brass or plastic collar stays. Shirt collars which are not starched are described as soft collars. The shape of collars is also controlled by the shape of the neckline to which they are attached. Most collars are fitted to a jewel neck, a neckline sitting at the base of the neck all around; if the garment opens down the front, the top edges may be folded back to form lapels and a V-shaped opening, and the cut of the collar will be adjusted accordingly.

Blouse Pattern making
1. On the cut-out bodice-front sloper with the cut-out dart, locate the position of the new shoulder dart. When there is a dart on the back shoulder, it is a fine point in design to match the location of the two. Place the front sloper against the back shoulder Mark the position of the front shoulder dart. Label the point A (Fig. 43a).
2. Draw the new: dart line from shoulder to dart point (Fig. 43a).
3. Slash the dart line.
4. Close PART of the original dart; the remaining control is automatically shifted to the new dart (Fig. 43b).
5. Complete the pattern by adding all the necessary signs, symbols, and notations.

Steps for Manicure At Home

Step 1.
File your nails into shape with an emery boards or a nail file to make a smooth even edge. Work with one-way strokes, starting from the corner and working towards the tip. Use long strokes and never saw at the nail.

Step 2.
Rinse your hands and dry them carefully. Remove old nail polish using an acetone-free remover and cotton.

Step 3.
Soak your nails for three or four minutes in warm soapy water to which a few drops of lemon juice and olive oil have been added. This helps to soften and clean hands at the same time. Dry them carefully. Dig your nails into a soapy sponge to clean under the nail tips.

Step 4.
Gently lift up the skin around the nails with a orange sticks. Take care not to break the skin, which is called the cuticle. Under the cuticle the new nail is growing.

Step 5.
Hang nails are broken bits of dry skin around the nail. They can be very painful and the skin can become infected. Cut the hangnail close to the skin, with sharp nail scissors. Use hand cream to keep the skin supple.

Step 6.
Lay your hand on a flat surface and brush on a base coat to prevent the nails from staining. This also strengthens your nails and allows the polish to be applied more smoothly.

Step 7.
Apply polish, starting with one brushstroke in the middle of the nail and then one on each side.

Step 8.
When dry apply the second coat of color in the same way. Be sure to wait until each coat is quite dry before applying the next.

Step 9.
To avoid chipping, apply a base coat to seal the polish underneath.

10 Handicrafts

HANDICRAFT

Handicraft- also known as craft work or simply craft, is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools. Usually the term is applied to traditional means of making goods.Handicrafts are generally considered more traditional work, created as a necessary part of daily life, while arts and crafts implies more of a hobby pursuit and a demonstration/perfection of a creative technique. In practical terms, the categories have a great deal of overlap.

We had many projects made in this subject like:

Crochet-is a process of creating fabric from yarn or thread using a crochet hook. The word is derived from the French word "crochet", meaning hook. Crocheting, similar to knitting, consists of pulling loops of yarn through other loops. Crochet differs from knitting in that only one loop is active at one time (the sole exception being Tunisian crochet), and that a crochet hook is used instead of knitting needles.

Knitting- is a method by which thread or yarn may be turned into cloth or other fine crafts. Knitting consists of consecutive loops, called stitches. As each row progresses, a new loop is pulled through an existing loop. The active stitches are held on a needle until another loop can be passed through them. This process eventually results in a final product, often a garment.

Pottery- is the ceramic ware made by potters. The place where such wares are made is also called a pottery (plural potteries). Pottery can also refer to the material of which the pottery ware is made.

Handicraft, if we go by the word this word simply means that handicraft is the craft made by hands. It is a type of art work simply done by hands or with the help of simple tools. It is an art of doing something decorative and useful. Though there are many more ways to produce decorative and artistic work, but what make handicrafts different from them is the intent behind it. Such work has religious or cultural touch behind it and this differentiate handicraft from simple craft or arts and craft.

9 Agriculture

Agriculture

Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. crops) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite.

Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialties and techniques, including ways to expand the lands suitable for plant raising, by digging water-channels and other forms of irrigation. Cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on rangeland remain at the foundation of agriculture.

Organic Farming

Organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity and control pests on a farm. Organic farming excludes or strictly limits the use of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock antibiotics, food additives, and genetically modified organisms.

Soil management

Plants need nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as micronutrients and symbiotic relationships with fungi and other organisms to flourish, but getting enough nitrogen, and particularly synchronization so that plants get enough nitrogen at the right time (when plants need it most), is likely the greatest challenge for organic farmers.

Composting

Under USDA organic standards, manure must be subjected to proper thermophilic composting and allowed to reach a sterilizing temperature. If raw animal manure is used, 120 days must pass before the crop is harvested if the final product comes into direct contact with the soil. For products which do not come into direct contact with soil, 90 days must pass prior to harvest.

ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Organic fertilizers are naturally-occurring fertilizers (e.g. peat moss or green manure), or naturally occurring mineral deposits (e.g. saltpeter).

Naturally occurring organic fertilizers include manure, slurry, worm castings, peat, seaweed, humic acid, brassin and guano. Sewage sludge use in organic agricultural operations in the U.S. has been extremely limited and rare due to USDA prohibition of the practice (due to toxic metal accumulation, among other factors)

Example of Organic Fertilizer is Bokashi

8 Fishery Arts

Fishery Arts

fishery is an entity engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish, which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". The definition often includes a combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.

A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture.

The term "fish"

In biology – the term fish is most strictly used to describe any animal with a backbone that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape of fins.

In fisheries – the term fish is used as a collective term, and includes mollusks, crustaceans and any aquatic animal which is harvested. The strict biological definition of a fish, above, is sometimes called a true fish. True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them from other aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture.

PLANT CARE

Live aquarium plants are a worthwhile addition to the fish tank. In a well planted tank, the fish have better colors, live a more natural life, and appear more comfortable than in an unplanted tank. Though they need more care than plastic replicas, live plants can be kept with few problems as long as there is plenty of light and no plant-eating or plant-destroying fish.

Water

Most aquarium plants can be kept in water with a hardness from 4-12 dH, and a pH from 6.5-7.2. For specific species, see the individual descriptions. The water should be kept as clean and clear as possible because free debris can settle on plant leaves or cloud the water, interfering with light intensity. Very few aquatic plant species can survive in brackish water.

Nutrients

Plants require macro- and micro nutrients to grow. Macro nutrients are substances that are required in relatively large amounts such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfates. These nutrients usually occur naturally in the aquarium from tap water and fish. When these levels rise to excessive amounts, an "algae bloom" can result. Nitrate levels rise do to their production by fish. Thus these macro nutrients need not be added to the aquarium.

Nutrient - Function

• Carbon* - the basic block of carbohydrates, which plants use for energy
• Oxygen* - important in plant respiration at night
• Hydrogen - (in the form of water) is needed for nutrient transport, among other functions
• Nitrogen* - (usually in the form of ammonia or nitrate) necessary for protein synthesis
• Phosphorous* - promotes flower development
• Sulfur* - used in protein synthesis
• Iron - used in chloroplast formation (chloroplasts are the structure in which photosynthesis occurs.

There are instances when a pond should not be fertilized:

1. If the water is frequently muddy, turbid, or very darkly stained with humic acids so that a white object

cannot be seen at a depth of 18".

2. If the pond has a heavy growth of aquatic weeds. Those weeds will use the fertilizer intended to produce

the “bloom.” The weeds will grow well and the pond will remain clear.

3. If the retention time of the water in the pond is not at least 3 weeks, then the fertilizer will be flushed

out before it can do its job. Occasionally a bottom-draw design drainpipe can overcome this problem.

4. If fish in the pond receive their food primarily from artificial feeds, and weed control is not a problem, as

is the case in some ornamental or culture ponds.

Fishpond Preparation

water quality

Good water quality is essential to successful fish production in South Carolina ponds. There are many factors involved and the relationships are complex.

pH

The pH is a measure of the acidity of the water. Going from 7.0 (neutral) toward zero is more acidic, and from 7.0 to 14.0 is more alkaline. The ph of pond waters is greatly influenced by the presence of carbon

dioxide, and acidic substance that is removed from the water by plants during the day.

Fishes grow best between pH 6.5 to 9.0, which can be obtained in properly limed and fertilized ponds. At long-term values outside of this range, growth and reproduction will be reduced and death may even occur.

fishing the pond

Do not begin to fish a newly-stocked pond until June of the year after the bass were stocked (or after the bass have spawned for the first time). At this time, the bass should weigh from ° to 1 lb. and the bream

should be up to about 1/4 lb.

Layering the Pond

Most pond fishes will not stay in the lower layer for long, and certainly will spawn in it.
Overstocking can be a major cause of population imbalance and will probably cause

you to be dissatisfied with the fishing it produces.